Software of the Month Club 1996 December/Software of the Month Club 1996 December.iso/pc/dos/edu/trutrans/nspray.m32

Text File | 1996-06-10 | 47.4 KB | 1,723 lines

 865

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      SPRAY IT AGAIN, SAM
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   The Real Story of Language
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        And Translation
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    A Semi-Humorous Account
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         By Alex Gross
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---------PAUSE 6 SECONDS--------
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----------CLEAR SCREEN----------
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        Once upon a time
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    there were only animals.
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            No men.
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           No women.
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       Not even persons.
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---------PAUSE 6 SECONDS--------
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----------CLEAR SCREEN----------
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      They needed to tell
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       each other things.
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     At least about their
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           own lives.
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---------PAUSE 5 SECONDS--------
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----------CLEAR SCREEN----------
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      They needed to talk
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        about territory.
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     About food and mating.
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      About mutual status
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          and danger.
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  BUT HOW COULD THEY DO THIS?
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---------PAUSE 5 SECONDS--------
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----------CLEAR SCREEN----------
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     By spraying everything
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        around them with
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        a special scent.
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       "This is my turf."
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      "My store of food."
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           "My mate."
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---------PAUSE 5 SECONDS--------
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----------CLEAR SCREEN----------
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         It was messy.
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    It wasn't always clear.
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  And it could cause trouble.
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    So just to clear things
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    up, some of the animals
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       started barking at
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        each other too.
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---------PAUSE 5 SECONDS--------
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----------CLEAR SCREEN----------
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     Others tried howling.
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          Or hissing.
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     Or grunting, moaning,
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         and groaning.
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---------PAUSE 5 SECONDS--------
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----------CLEAR SCREEN----------
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      And that's how they
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        managed things.
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      Either by spraying,
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    or by barking, grunting,
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         hissing, etc.
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    But there were problems.
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---------PAUSE 5 SECONDS--------
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----------CLEAR SCREEN----------
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      At one point a whole
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       bunch of creatures
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        got together at
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        an Evolutionary
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      Progress Conference
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           and had an
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           argument.
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---------PAUSE 5 SECONDS--------
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----------CLEAR SCREEN----------
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       It was a waste of
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       energy, said some.
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     Why should we have two
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     ways of communicating,
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       why should we both
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     spray and make sounds,
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          they asked.
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   Why not combine them both
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       into one function?
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---------PAUSE 6 SECONDS--------
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----------CLEAR SCREEN----------
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      But others objected.
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     They enjoyed spraying
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       and didn't want to
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          give it up.
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    So very little changed.
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---------PAUSE 5 SECONDS--------
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----------CLEAR SCREEN----------
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      After a few billion
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    years, a whole new bunch
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      of apes came along.
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    Some decided they could
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      say things better by
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     combining barks, howls
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       and hisses in very
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         specific ways.
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---------PAUSE 5 SECONDS--------
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----------CLEAR SCREEN----------
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         But this idea
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      had a few problems.
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      The old way of doing
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     things--spray, growls,
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       and hisses--didn't
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     say much.  But it was
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      pretty unmistakable.
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---------PAUSE 5 SECONDS--------
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----------CLEAR SCREEN----------
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      Combining all these
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     sounds made it harder
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      to tell one meaning
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      from another.  This
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   meant you could sometimes
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     get the wrong message.
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    Besides, where did this
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        leave spraying?
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---------PAUSE 5 SECONDS--------
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----------CLEAR SCREEN----------
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        It also meant a
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       few things had to
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       happen before such
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      a system could work.
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       First, these apes
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   needed a way to make these
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     sounds PLUS a special
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        kind of hearing
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      to tell them apart.
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---------PAUSE 5 SECONDS--------
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----------CLEAR SCREEN----------
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         Not to mention
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     greater intelligence,
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     so they could be sure
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     what the sounds meant.
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         Some say this
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      is still a problem.
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---------PAUSE 5 SECONDS--------
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----------CLEAR SCREEN----------
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     It also meant limiting
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      the number of sounds
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        permitted in any
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        spray-growl-hiss
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            system.
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      That way there would
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       be less confusion.
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---------PAUSE 5 SECONDS--------
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----------CLEAR SCREEN----------
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     After several million
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       years, a few apes
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    finally got this right.
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          At the next
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          Evolutionary
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      Progress Conference,
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      they told the other
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      creatures that they
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       were moving their
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        spray apparatus
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     upstairs and combining
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         it with their
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         biting system.
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---------PAUSE 6 SECONDS--------
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----------CLEAR SCREEN----------
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       This was not a hit
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         with the other
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      creatures, and these
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     apes had no choice but
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    to go off on their own.
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      But the apes didn't
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       mind this at all.
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---------PAUSE 5 SECONDS--------
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----------CLEAR SCREEN----------
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        They were proud,
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       because they were
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      sure they had solved
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        all the world's
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         communication
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          problems for
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           all time.
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---------PAUSE 5 SECONDS--------
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----------CLEAR SCREEN----------
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       First, they set up
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      a system for making
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         sure all their
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      "spray-sounds" were
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    always spoken correctly.
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       They would enclose
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     each moan in a little
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         capsule with a
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       distinctive shape.
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---------PAUSE 6 SECONDS--------
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----------CLEAR SCREEN----------
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       Call these little
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     capsules "consonants"
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      and the moan sounds
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     they contain "vowels,"
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        and it all makes
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       fairly good sense.
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---------PAUSE 5 SECONDS--------
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----------CLEAR SCREEN----------
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        There were rules
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      for placing capsules
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        together so they
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   could be spoken correctly.
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      This also helped you
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        to tell members
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     of your own clan from
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      dangerous outsiders.
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---------PAUSE 5 SECONDS--------
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----------CLEAR SCREEN----------
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  But many problems remained.
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      You could only tell
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     these new sounds apart
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        if a single clan
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      kept living closely
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        together in the
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           same area.
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---------PAUSE 5 SECONDS--------
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----------CLEAR SCREEN----------
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     If families and clans
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      drifted apart, their
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      sounds and meanings
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     started drifting too.
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         In some places
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    they are still drifting
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          even today.
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---------PAUSE 5 SECONDS--------
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----------CLEAR SCREEN----------
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     But these apes started
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       migrating in every
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     direction, their sound
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       systems constantly
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     changing as they went.
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---------PAUSE 5 SECONDS--------
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----------CLEAR SCREEN----------
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     And this whole process
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        may have started
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        twice or more in
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       different places.
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       There's no way we
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       can know for sure.
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  Apes don't write histories.
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---------PAUSE 5 SECONDS--------
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----------CLEAR SCREEN----------
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       As they wandered,
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     all their sound-spray
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      systems scattered to
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           the winds.
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    And so did the capsules
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    containing their moans.
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      Even the systems for
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    making capsules changed.
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---------PAUSE 5 SECONDS--------
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----------CLEAR SCREEN----------
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       Apes living in new
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    climes started inventing
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        new spray-sounds
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      to describe things.
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       They launched new
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      technologies, world
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      outlooks, religions,
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       all requiring new
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         spray-sounds.
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---------PAUSE 5 SECONDS--------
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----------CLEAR SCREEN----------
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      After a few million
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       years, these apes
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       had another idea.
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       They were tired of
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   repeating themselves, and
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     they also needed some
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    system for recording the
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       growing number of
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       their possessions.
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---------PAUSE 5 SECONDS--------
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----------CLEAR SCREEN----------
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       This is important,
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      said some, so let's
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       carve it in stone.
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      It's easier stamping
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    it in clay, said others.
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      Still others longed
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     for a brush or quill,
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       if only they could
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        find some paper.
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---------PAUSE 5 SECONDS--------
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----------CLEAR SCREEN----------
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      And so after a while
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      Science Marched On,
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            finally.
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       But not without a
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     multitude of languages
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   and dialects to deal with.
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      And here it is that
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  Translators Enter the Scene!
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---------PAUSE 6 SECONDS--------
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----------CLEAR SCREEN----------
 015011111  0  0  0 0 0011 1

 915021200  0321  01716011 1
       Consider all these
 915021200  0141  0 825011 1
     different sound-spray
 915021200  0111  0 626011 1
  systems, each with its own
 915021200  0 51  0 329011 1
      way of encapsulating
 915021200  0121  0 726011 1
       sound and meaning.
 915021200  0141  0 825011 1

 915021200  0321  01716011 1
       What do they most
 915021200  0151  0 824011 1
           resemble?
 915021200  0231  01220011 1

 915021200  0321  01716011 1
---------PAUSE 5 SECONDS--------
 015011110  5  0  0 0 0011 1
----------CLEAR SCREEN----------
 015011111  0  0  0 0 0011 1

 915021200  0321  01716011 1
   Are they not in some ways
 915021200  0 71  0 428011 1
       similar to highly
 915021200  0141  0 825011 1
    sophisticated hydraulic
 915021200  0 91  0 527011 1
     networks?  Or perhaps
 915021200  0111  0 626011 1
     more homespun plumbing
 915021200  0101  0 627011 1
       systems, each one
 915021200  0151  0 824011 1
      built from different
 915021200  0121  0 726011 1
      materials according
 915021200  0131  0 725011 1
      to different rules?
 915021200  0131  0 725011 1
---------PAUSE 5 SECONDS--------
 015011110  5  0  0 0 0011 1
----------CLEAR SCREEN----------
 015011111  0  0  0 0 0011 1

 915021200  0321  01716011 1
       Could this be what
 915021200  0141  0 825011 1
  translators and interpreters
 915021200  0 41  0 330011 1
     really are--hydraulic
 915021200  0111  0 626011 1
     engineers of the mind
 915021200  0111  0 626011 1
       and/or pioneering
 915021200  0151  0 824011 1
      plumbers of meaning,
 915021200  0121  0 726011 1
     in the several senses
 915021200  0111  0 626011 1
         of "to plumb?"
 915021200  0181  01023011 1

 915021200  0321  01716011 1
---------PAUSE 5 SECONDS--------
 015011110  5  0  0 0 0011 1
----------CLEAR SCREEN----------
 015011111  0  0  0 0 0011 1

 915021200  0321  01716011 1
       Whatever system of
 915021200  0141  0 825011 1
       pipes or hydraulic
 915021200  0141  0 825011 1
       devices is used in
 915021200  0141  0 825011 1
    Language A, translators
 915021200  0 91  0 527011 1
    must build a comparable
 915021200  0 91  0 527011 1
     system in Language B,
 915021200  0111  0 626011 1
      even though the two
 915021200  0131  0 725011 1
       systems can never
 915021200  0151  0 824011 1
          be the same.
 915021200  0201  01122011 1
---------PAUSE 5 SECONDS--------
 015011110  5  0  0 0 0011 1
----------CLEAR SCREEN----------
 015011111  0  0  0 0 0011 1

 915021200  0321  01716011 1
       The watery element
 915021200  0141  0 825011 1
     is unavoidable, since
 915021200  0111  0 626011 1
       language is still
 915021200  0151  0 824011 1
    largely based on spray.
 915021200  0 91  0 527011 1

 915021200  0321  01716011 1
    Animals spray everything
 915021200  0 81  0 528011 1
    around them--people talk
 915021200  0 81  0 528011 1
     at or about everything
 915021200  0101  0 627011 1
          around them.
 915021200  0201  01122011 1
---------PAUSE 5 SECONDS--------
 015011110  5  0  0 0 0011 1
----------CLEAR SCREEN----------
 015011111  0  0  0 0 0011 1

 915021200  0321  01716011 1
      And we become quite
 915021200  0131  0 725011 1
      upset when our spray
 915021200  0121  0 726011 1
      marks prove mistaken
 915021200  0121  0 726011 1
        or are violated
 915021200  0171  0 923011 1
           by others.
 915021200  0221  01221011 1

 915021200  0321  01716011 1
       If you doubt this,
 915021200  0141  0 825011 1
     consider how we still
 915021200  0111  0 626011 1
      use language today:
 915021200  0131  0 725011 1
---------PAUSE 5 SECONDS--------
 015011110  5  0  0 0 0011 1
----------CLEAR SCREEN----------
 015011111  0  0  0 0 0011 1

 915021200  0321  01716011 1
  To defend turf or property.
1214021200  0 51  0 329011 1

 915021200  0321  01716011 1
    To proclaim our rights.
1214021200  0 91  0 527011 1

 915021200  0321  01716011 1
      To proclaim our love
1214021200  0121  0 726011 1
       for--and property
1214021200  0151  0 824011 1
      rights in--our mate.
1214021200  0121  0 726011 1

 915021200  0321  01716011 1
     To assert our status.
1214021200  0111  0 626011 1

 915021200  0321  01716011 1
---------PAUSE 5 SECONDS--------
 015011110  5  0  0 0 0011 1
----------CLEAR SCREEN----------
 015011111  0  0  0 0 0011 1

 915021200  0321  01716011 1

 915021200  0321  01716011 1
    Perhaps these categories
 915021200  0 81  0 528011 1
      are now enlarged by
 915021200  0131  0 725011 1
      political disputes,
 915021200  0131  0 725011 1
     intellectual pursuits,
 915021200  0101  0 627011 1
     and academic feuding.
 915021200  0111  0 626011 1

 915021200  0321  01716011 1
     But this is debatable.
 915021200  0101  0 627011 1

 915021200  0321  01716011 1

 915021200  0321  01716011 1
---------PAUSE 5 SECONDS--------
 015011110  5  0  0 0 0011 1
----------CLEAR SCREEN----------
 015011111  0  0  0 0 0011 1
       These spray-sounds
 915021200  0141  0 825011 1
   can also cause trouble...
 915021200  0 71  0 428011 1

 915021200  0321  01716011 1
     Many creatures assume
 915021200  0111  0 626011 1
      the spray-sound they
 915021200  0121  0 726011 1
      assign to something
 915021200  0131  0 725011 1
               IS
 915122200  03013391617011 1
       the thing itself.
 915021200  0151  0 824011 1

 915021200  0321  01716011 1
---------PAUSE 6 SECONDS--------
 015011110  6  0  0 0 0011 1
----------CLEAR SCREEN----------
 015011111  0  0  0 0 0011 1
        Sometimes other
 915021200  0171  0 923011 1
     creatures don't agree
 915021200  0111  0 626011 1
        and insist that
 915021200  0171  0 923011 1
      another spray-sound
 915021200  0131  0 725011 1
               IS
 915122200  03013391617011 1
     that very same thing.
 915021200  0111  0 626011 1

 915021200  0321  01716011 1
       Once this happens,
 915021200  0141  0 825011 1
  matters often deteriorate...
 915021200  0 41  0 330011 1
---------PAUSE 6 SECONDS--------
 015011110  6  0  0 0 0011 1
----------CLEAR SCREEN----------
 015011111  0  0  0 0 0011 1

 915021200  0321  01716011 1
           Or perhaps
 915021200  0221  01221011 1
      two creatures agree
 915021200  0131  0 725011 1
       on the spray-sound
 915021200  0141  0 825011 1
        but don't agree
 915021200  0171  0 923011 1
       on what it means.
 915021200  0151  0 824011 1

 915021200  0321  01716011 1
          This rarely
 915021200  0211  01121011 1
     works out much better.
 915021200  0101  0 627011 1

 915021200  0321  01716011 1
---------PAUSE 6 SECONDS--------
 015011110  6  0  0 0 0011 1
----------CLEAR SCREEN----------
 015011111  0  0  0 0 0011 1

 915021200  0321  01716011 1
    Using language as a form
 915021200  0 81  0 528011 1
  of spray could also explain
 915021200  0 51  0 329011 1
 many forms of fundamentalism,
 915021200  0 31  0 230011 1
   literalness, and congealed
 915021200  0 61  0 429011 1
   ideologies seen around us.
 915021200  0 61  0 429011 1

 915021200  0321  01716011 1
     Such behaviors spring
 915021200  0111  0 626011 1
   from those still clinging
 915021200  0 71  0 428011 1
    to the spray-using stage
 915021200  0 81  0 528011 1
     of producing language.
 915021200  0101  0 627011 1
---------PAUSE 7 SECONDS--------
 015011110  7  0  0 0 0011 1
----------CLEAR SCREEN----------
 015011111  0  0  0 0 0011 1

 915021200  0321  01716011 1

 915021200  0321  01716011 1
    Moreover, spray is still
 915021200  0 81  0 528011 1
   so much a part of language
 915021200  0 61  0 429011 1
      that we would still
 915021200  0131  0 725011 1
        prefer to stand
 915021200  0161  0 924011 1
         at a distance
 915021200  0191  01022011 1
    when some people speak.
 915021200  0 91  0 527011 1

 915021200  0321  01716011 1

 915021200  0321  01716011 1
---------PAUSE 5 SECONDS--------
 015011110  5  0  0 0 0011 1
----------CLEAR SCREEN----------
 015011111  0  0  0 0 0011 1

 915021200  0321  01716011 1

 915021200  0321  01716011 1
       Human language is
 915021200  0141  0 825011 1
        quite literally
 915021200  0171  0 923011 1
   "glorified" animal spray.
 915021200  0 71  0 428011 1

 915021200  0321  01716011 1
      And animal spray is
 915021200  0131  0 725011 1
        primal language.
 915021200  0161  0 924011 1

 915021200  0321  01716011 1

 915021200  0321  01716011 1
---------PAUSE 5 SECONDS--------
 015011110  5  0  0 0 0011 1
----------CLEAR SCREEN----------
 015011111  0  0  0 0 0011 1

 915021200  0321  01716011 1
           IMPORTANT:
15 9021200  0221  01221011 1
       Author's Apology!
1214022200  0151  0 824111 1

 915021200  0321  01716011 1
      But all this must be
 915021200  0121  0 726011 1
        mistaken!  It is
 915021200  0161  0 924011 1
     only a joke and could
 915021200  0111  0 626011 1
     not possibly be true.
 915021200  0111  0 626011 1

 915021200  0321  01716011 1
---------PAUSE 5 SECONDS--------
 015011110  5  0  0 0 0011 1
----------CLEAR SCREEN----------
 015011111  0  0  0 0 0011 1

1115021200  0321  01716011 1
      We humans have gone
11 0021200  0131  0 725011 1

1115021200  0321  01716011 1
           FAR BEYOND
11 0122200  02214191221111 1

1115021200  0321  01716011 1
           primitive
11 0021200  0231  01220011 1
        spraying of our
11 0021200  0161  0 924011 1
         surroundings!
11 0021200  0191  01022011 1

1115021200  0321  01716011 1
---------PAUSE 5 SECONDS--------
 015011110  5  0  0 0 0011 1
----------CLEAR SCREEN----------
 015011111  0  0  0 0 0011 1
  After all, we have invented
11 0021200  0 51  0 329011 1
 the Arts, Literature, Literary
11 0021200  0 21  0 231011 1
    Criticism, Linguistics,
11 0021200  0 91  0 527011 1
    Transformational Syntax,
11 0021200  0 81  0 528011 1
       Universal Grammar,
11 0021200  0141  0 825011 1
        Deep Structure,
11 0021200  0171  0 923011 1
    Computational Semantics,
11 0021200  0 81  0 528011 1
      Translation Studies,
11 0021200  0121  0 726011 1
     and many other sublime
11 0021200  0101  0 627011 1
     and elevated sciences.
11 0021200  0101  0 627011 1
---------PAUSE 7 SECONDS--------
 015011110  7  0  0 0 0011 1
----------CLEAR SCREEN----------
 015011111  0  0  0 0 0011 1

11 0021200  0321  01716011 1
      Obviously, if such a
11 0021200  0121  0 726011 1
  primitive theory were true,
11 0021200  0 51  0 329011 1
    these advanced sciences
11 0021200  0 91  0 527011 1
      would CERTAINLY have
11 0021200  0121  0 726011 1
       long ago confirmed
11 0021200  0141  0 825011 1
         its validity.
11 0021200  0191  01022011 1

1115021200  0321  01716011 1
     But they have not done
11 0021200  0101  0 627011 1
 so...they have never remotely
11 0021200  0 31  0 230011 1
    suggested such a theory.
11 0021200  0 81  0 528011 1
---------PAUSE 6 SECONDS--------
 015011110  6  0  0 0 0011 1
----------CLEAR SCREEN----------
 015011111  0  0  0 0 0011 1

 915021200  0321  01716011 1

 915021200  0321  01716011 1

 915021200  0321  01716011 1
      So there is no need
 915021200  0131  0 725011 1
      for you to believe
 915021200  0131  0 725011 1
      any of this, if you
 915021200  0131  0 725011 1
     find it the slightest
 915021200  0111  0 626011 1
       bit objectionable.
 915021200  0141  0 825011 1

 915021200  0321  01716011 1

 915021200  0321  01716011 1
---------PAUSE 5 SECONDS--------
 015011110  5  0  0 0 0011 1
----------CLEAR SCREEN----------
 015011111  0  0  0 0 0011 1

 915021200  0321  01716011 1

 915021200  0321  01716011 1

 915021200  0321  01716011 1

 915021200  0321  01716011 1
     On the other hand, you
 915021200  0101  0 627011 1
       just might want to
 915021200  0141  0 825011 1
    make up your own mind...
 915021200  0 81  0 528011 1

 915021200  0321  01716011 1

 915021200  0321  01716011 1

 915021200  0321  01716011 1
---------PAUSE 5 SECONDS--------
 015011110  5  0  0 0 0011 1
----------CLEAR SCREEN----------
 015011111  0  0  0 0 0011 1

 115021200  0321  01716011 1
             NOTE:
 1 5021200  0271  01418011 1
      The preceding theory
 0 9021200  0121  0 726011 1
        has appeared in
 0 9021200  0171  0 923011 1
     print in two scholarly
 0 9021200  0101  0 627011 1
       publications: the
 0 9021200  0151  0 824011 1
      Sci-Tech Translation
 0 9021200  0121  0 726011 1
      Journal (Oct., 1993)
 0 9021200  0121  0 726011 1
       and Vol. VI of the
 0 9021200  0141  0 825011 1
     ATA Scholarly Series.
 0 9021200  0111  0 626011 1
---------PAUSE 4 SECONDS--------
 015011110  4  0  0 0 0011 1
----------CLEAR SCREEN----------
 015011111  0  0  0 0 0011 1
    A Few Final Thoughts...
1214021200  0 91  0 527011 1

 915021200  0321  01716011 1
  The material in this program
 915021200  0 41  0 330011 1
    is still largely unknown
 915021200  0 81  0 528011 1
     to linguists, cultural
 915021200  0101  0 627011 1
  anthropologists, historians,
 915021200  0 41  0 330011 1
      teachers of foreign
 915021200  0131  0 725011 1
   languages and literature,
 915021200  0 71  0 428011 1
 and even to most translators.
 915021200  0 31  0 230011 1

 915021200  0321  01716011 1
---------PAUSE 7 SECONDS--------
 015011110  7  0  0 0 0011 1
----------CLEAR SCREEN----------
 015011111  0  0  0 0 0011 1

 915021200  0321  01716011 1
  The demand for translations
 915021200  0 51  0 329011 1
      has greatly expanded
 915021200  0121  0 726011 1
   over the last few decades.
 915021200  0 61  0 429011 1
     Of this demand, 90% is
 915021200  0101  0 627011 1
        for technical or
 915021200  0161  0 924011 1
    commercial translations,
 915021200  0 81  0 528011 1
     as opposed to 10% for
 915021200  0111  0 626011 1
        literary works.
 915021200  0171  0 923011 1

 915021200  0321  01716011 1
---------PAUSE 7 SECONDS--------
 015011110  7  0  0 0 0011 1
----------CLEAR SCREEN----------
 015011111  0  0  0 0 0011 1

 915021200  0321  01716011 1
    The dispute between free
 915021200  0 81  0 528011 1
    and literal translation
 915021200  0 91  0 527011 1
   may have no winner.  While
 915021200  0 61  0 429011 1
    some texts can be trans-
 915021200  0 81  0 528011 1
      lated literally with
 915021200  0121  0 726011 1
    little loss of meaning,
 915021200  0 81  0 528011 1
       others may require
 915021200  0141  0 825011 1
   more thoughtful treatment
 915021200  0 71  0 428011 1
      or some combination
 915021200  0131  0 725011 1
     of the two approaches.
 915021200  0101  0 627011 1
---------PAUSE 7 SECONDS--------
 015011110  7  0  0 0 0011 1
----------CLEAR SCREEN----------
 015011111  0  0  0 0 0011 1

 915021200  0321  01716011 1
   Many "machine translation"
 915021200  0 61  0 429011 1
       programs have been
 915021200  0141  0 825011 1
    abandoned or have fallen
 915021200  0 81  0 528011 1
        into disuse.  In
 915021200  0161  0 924011 1
    some cases their authors
 915021200  0 81  0 528011 1
      have modified their
 915021200  0131  0 725011 1
      original arguments.
 915021200  0131  0 725011 1

 915021200  0321  01716011 1

 915021200  0321  01716011 1
---------PAUSE 7 SECONDS--------
 015011110  7  0  0 0 0011 1
----------CLEAR SCREEN----------
 015011111  0  0  0 0 0011 1

 915021200  0321  01716011 1
   Other authorities believe
 915021200  0 71  0 428011 1
     that such projects can
 915021200  0101  0 627011 1
   still be successful.  The
 915021200  0 71  0 428011 1
  Transformational-Generative
 915021200  0 51  0 329011 1
     school of linguistics
 915021200  0111  0 626011 1
   ("Chomskianism") tends to
 915021200  0 71  0 428011 1
    encourage a belief that
 915021200  0 91  0 527011 1
 differences between languages
 915021200  0 31  0 230011 1
        are essentially
 915021200  0171  0 923011 1
       trivial in nature.
 915021200  0141  0 825011 1
---------PAUSE 7 SECONDS--------
 015011110  7  0  0 0 0011 1
----------CLEAR SCREEN----------
 015011111  0  0  0 0 0011 1

 915021200  0321  01716011 1
    As the material in this
 915021200  0 91  0 527011 1
     program clearly shows,
 915021200  0101  0 627011 1
   this may simply be untrue,
 915021200  0 61  0 429011 1
       and a new approach
 915021200  0141  0 825011 1
     to language, combining
 915021200  0101  0 627011 1
    elements of linguistics
 915021200  0 91  0 527011 1
     and translation theory
 915021200  0101  0 627011 1
        may be in order.
 915021200  0161  0 924011 1

 915021200  0321  01716011 1
---------PAUSE 7 SECONDS--------
 015011110  7  0  0 0 0011 1
----------CLEAR SCREEN----------
 015011111  0  0  0 0 0011 1

 915021200  0321  01716011 1
     Throughout the history
 915021200  0101  0 627011 1
  of language and translation,
 915021200  0 41  0 330011 1
        would-be experts
 915021200  0161  0 924011 1
     often express surprise
 915021200  0101  0 627011 1
    that people don't always
 915021200  0 81  0 528011 1
      say "the same thing"
 915021200  0121  0 726011 1
       in "the same way."
 915021200  0141  0 825011 1
   They then go on to invent
 915021200  0 71  0 428011 1
    questionable theories to
 915021200  0 81  0 528011 1
 "prove" it is the same anyway.
 915021200  0 21  0 231011 1
---------PAUSE 7 SECONDS--------
 015011110  7  0  0 0 0011 1
----------CLEAR SCREEN----------
 015011111  0  0  0 0 0011 1

 915021200  0321  01716011 1
         FURTHER NOTE:
 414021200  0191  01022011 1

 915021200  0321  01716011 1
    A complete bibliography
 915021200  0 91  0 527011 1
    and scholarly apparatus
 915021200  0 91  0 527011 1
     is available not only
 915021200  0111  0 626011 1
      for these quotations
 915021200  0121  0 726011 1
     but for all the others
 915021200  0101  0 627011 1
   shown in the full version,
 915021200  0 61  0 429011 1
    containing twice as many
 915021200  0 81  0 528011 1
    quotations, three times
 915021200  0 91  0 527011 1
       as many bloopers,
 915021200  0151  0 824011 1
     and one other section.
 915021200  0101  0 627011 1

 915021200  0321  01716011 1
       You can order this
 915021200  0141  0 825011 1
      version by following
 915021200  0121  0 726011 1
      the instructions in
 915021200  0131  0 725011 1
      the file ORDER.DOC.
 915021200  0131  0 725011 1
       See also the file
 915021200  0151  0 824011 1
   README.1ST, which contains
 915021200  0 61  0 429011 1
     much information about
 915021200  0101  0 627011 1
     this program and also
 915021200  0111  0 626011 1
       explains about the
 915021200  0141  0 825011 1
    "Automessage" program on
 915021200  0 81  0 528011 1
  which this program is based.
 915021200  0 41  0 330011 1

 915021200  0321  01716011 1
---------PAUSE 5 SECONDS--------
 015011110  5  0  0 0 0011 1
----------CLEAR SCREEN----------
 015011111  0  0  0 0 0011 1

 915021200  0321  01716011 1
      About the Author...
 915021200  0131  0 725011 1

 915021200  0321  01716011 1
      Alex Gross has con-
 915021200  0131  0 725011 1
      tributed many papers
 915021200  0121  0 726011 1
   and articles about trans-
 915021200  0 71  0 428011 1
     lation, computers, and
 915021200  0101  0 627011 1
    linguistics to scholarly
 915021200  0 81  0 528011 1
 and professional publications.
 915021200  0 21  0 231011 1
       Some of these are
 915021200  0151  0 824011 1
       reproduced in the
 915021200  0151  0 824011 1
       file ARTICLES.ZIP.
 915021200  0141  0 825011 1
      He has served as PR
 915021200  0131  0 725011 1
    Committee Chair for the
 915021200  0 81  0 528011 1
      American Translators
 915021200  0121  0 726011 1
    Association and was one
 915021200  0 91  0 527011 1
   of the principal founders
 915021200  0 71  0 428011 1
   of the New York Circle of
 915021200  0 71  0 428011 1
   Translators.  He lectures
 915021200  0 71  0 428011 1
       on the History of
 915021200  0151  0 824011 1
     Translation as part of
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     the NYU Post-Graduate
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      Translation Studies
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      Program.  A produced
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  playwright, his specialties
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      as a translator are
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    stage plays and poetry,
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 though he has also translated
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    diplomatic and business
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    texts and has even done
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     work on Chinese herbal
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        medical theory.
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---------PAUSE 6 SECONDS--------
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----------CLEAR SCREEN----------
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      The author wishes to
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     extend special thanks
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       to the following
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       individuals--both
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    ATA members and non-ATA
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       members--for their
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      help during various
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      phases of completing
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    this program: Ali Ekram
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     Ali, Ronnie Apter, Liz
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     Scott Andrews, Walter
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      Bacak, Bob Bononno,
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       Albert Bork, John
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        Bukacek, Vigdis
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     Eriksen, Loië Feuerle,
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      Mark Herman, Harald
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     Hille, Muriel Jérôme-
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  O'Keefe, Peter Krawutschke,
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       Edith Losa, Victor
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   Romanyslyn, Alex Schwartz,
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     Marilyn Stone, Robert
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   Sussman, Kathleen Thomas,
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    Laurie Treuhaft, Lionel
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      Tsao, Ernst Waldeck,
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         and Apollo Wu.
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         He also wishes
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    to express his sincerest
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    thanks to his wife Ilene
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   for her steadfast patience
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 during this Quixotic project.
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---------PAUSE 8 SECONDS--------
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----------CLEAR SCREEN----------
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       ________
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  ____|___     |            (R)
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-|        |    |----------------
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 |    ____|___ |  Association
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 |   |        ||  of Shareware
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 |___|    o   |   Professionals
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-----|    |   |-----------------
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     |____|___|    MEMBER
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---------PAUSE 6 SECONDS--------
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----------CLEAR SCREEN----------
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          FINAL NOTE:
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     This program will now
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     start over again from
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      the very beginning.
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        You can find all
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     its parts in printable
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        form in the file
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          ALLTEXT.ASC.
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---------PAUSE 6 SECONDS--------
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----------CLEAR SCREEN----------
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 1